AUTHORITARIANISM AND DEMOCRACY IN LATIN AMERICA
Social Studies
Spring 2000
Wednesday 2-4 PM, Hilles Library Room 319
Professor Steven Levitsky
Offices: 408 Coolidge Hall and Social Studies Room 55 (Hilles basement)
Phone: 495-9997
E-mail: levitsky@cfia.harvard.edu
Office Hours: Wed. 4:00-6:30 in Hilles office; Thurs. 2-4 in Coolidge office; or by appointment
The establishment and consolidation of democratic regimes has long been a difficult--and elusive--challenge in Latin America. In the twentieth century, factors such as economic underdevelopment, poverty and inequality, and Cold War geopolitics contributed to regime instability and frequent periods of authoritarian rule. In the 1980s and 1990s, virtually all Latin American countries made transitions to competitive electoral regimes. Can democracy be sustained? Or will contemporary regimes eventually give way to another cycle of authoritarianism?
This tutorial examines political regimes and regime change in Latin America in the twentieth century. The course is divided into four sections. The first section offers some conceptual and theoretical tools for studying democratization. We first look at how different scholars have defined and used the term democracy. We then compare different theoretical approaches to explaining democratization, including modernization, neo-Marxist, cultural, choice-centered, and institutionalist approaches. The second section examines the breakdown of democratic regimes in the 1960s and 1970s. We analyze different explanations for the rise of authoritarianism in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Peru (and the survival of democracy in Venezuela). We then look at the political, socio-economic, and human consequences of military rule. The third section examines the democratic transitions of the 1980s. We compare different approaches to explaining these transitions, focusing on factors such as leadership, class, and the international context. In the final section of the course, we examine problems of democratic consolidation and the kinds of democracies that are emerging in the region. We analyze a range of variables that are said to contribute to democratic consolidation and examine the extent to which democracies have consolidated. We examine the effects on democracy of factors such as state and institutional weakness, economic crisis, political violence, and socio-economic inequality and exclusion. We take up the conceptual and theoretical tools from the beginning of the course, asking whether, and to what extent, contemporary regimes should be considered democratic, and what kinds of factors can bring about the "deepening" of democracy in the region.
Course Requirements
(1) Participation in seminar, including 2-3 brief/informal in-class presentations to be assigned in advance (30 percent of grade)
(2) Two short (approximately 5-7 page) papers on course readings (topics to be assigned). Due: March 1 and March 22 (each paper is 15% of grade)
(3) A prospectus for a research paper (approximately 5 pages), which will identify the problem to be examined, cite relevant literature, frame working hypotheses, and provide and initial bibliography. Due: April 12 (5% of grade)
NOTE: all students must discuss their topic with me and have it approved before writing their prospectus
(4) Final research paper of 15-20 pages. Due: last day of final exams (35% of grade).
Late Policy: Barring an extraordinary excuse, all late papers will be marked down a third of a grade for each day following the due date.
Course Readings: All readings have been placed on reserve at Hilles and Lamont libraries.
In addition to the texts listed below, there will be a course reading packet. The first week's reading can be picked at the Social Studies office beginning on February 1.
The following texts are available for purchase at the Coop.
Ruth Berins Collier and David Collier, Shaping the Political Arena (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991)
Robert Dahl, Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1971)
Jorge I. Dominguez and Abraham F. Lowenthal, eds. Constructing Democratic Governance: Latin America and the Caribbean in the 1990s: South America in the 1990s (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996)
Guillermo O'Donnell, Modernization and Bureaucratic-Authoritarianism: Studies in South American Politics (Berkeley: Institute for International Studies, 1979)
Guillermo O'Donnell, Counterpoints (Notre Dame, University of Notre Dame Press, 1999).
Guillermo O'Donnell and Philippe C. Schmitter, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986)
Guillermo O'Donnell, Philippe C. Schmitter, and Laurence Whitehead, eds. Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Comparative Perspectives (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986)
Guillermo O'Donnell , Philippe C. Schmitter, and Laurence Whitehead, eds. Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Latin America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986)
Dietrich Rueschemeyer, Evelyne Huber Stephens and John D. Stephens, Capitalist Development and Democracy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992)
Alfred Stepan, Rethinking Military Politics (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988)
Arturo Valenzuela, The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes: Chile (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978)
Week 1: What is Democracy? (February 9)
David Collier and Steven Levitsky, "Democracy 'With Adjectives': Conceptual Innovation in Comparative Research." Kellogg Institute Working Paper No. 230 (August 1996).
Dahl, Polyarchy, pp. 1-80.
Samuel Huntington, "The Modest Meaning of Democracy," in Robert Pastor, ed. Democracy in the Americas: Stopping the Pendulum (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1989)
Philippe C. Schmitter and Terry Lynn Karl, "What Democracy is...and is Not." Journal of Democracy 2, no. 3 (Summer 1991)
Kenneth M. Roberts, Deepening Democracy? The Modern Left and Social Movements in Chile and Peru (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998), pp. 17-41.
***NOTE: Please take advantage of this week's light reading load to get an early start on next week's (somewhat heavy) reading.
Week 2: Theories of Democratization (February 16)
Seymour Martin Lipset, Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1959/1981), pp. 27-63.
Howard J. Wiarda, "Toward a Framework for the Study of Political Change in the Iberic-Latin Tradition: The Corporative Model." World Politics 25, no. 2(January 1973).
Barrington Moore, Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World (Boston: Beacon Press, 1966), pp. 413-452.
Dietrich Rueschemeyer, Evelyne Huber Stephens and John D. Stephens, Capitalist Development and Democracy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), pp. 40-78; 155-172
Guiseppe Di Palma, To Craft Democracies (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), pp. 1-65.
Juan J. Linz, The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes: Crisis, Breakdown, and Re-Equilibration (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978), pp. 3-5; 16-40.
Adam Przeworski and Fernando Limongi, "Modernization: Theories and Facts," World Politics 49 (January 1997).
Week 3: Industrialization and Early Regime Patterns (February 23)
All students should read the following:
Enrique Baloyra Herp, "Reactionary Despotism in Central America," Journal of Latin American Studies 15 (November 1983).
Ruth Berins Collier and David Collier, Shaping the Political Arena (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991)
Introduction: 6-12
Chapter 3: 59-68; 93-99
Chapter 4: 100-106
Chapter 5: 161-172; 196-201; 271-272; 314-315
Chapter 6: 353-367; 403-406; 438-439; 469
Chapter 7: 498-512; 571-573; 639; 692-693
The class will be divided into three groups for the following readings:
Group A: Chile and Brazil
Arturo Valenzuela, "Chile: Origins, Consolidation, and Breakdown of a Democratic Regime." In Larry Diamond, Juan J. Linz, and Seymour Martin Lipset, eds. Democracy in Developing Countries: Latin America (Boulder, Lynne Rienner, 1989), pp. 159-182.
Bolivar Lamounier, "Brazil: Inequality Against Democracy." In Larry Diamond, Juan J. Linz, and Seymour Martin Lipset, eds. Democracy in Developing Countries: Latin America (Boulder, Lynne Rienner, 1989), pp.116-145.
Collier and Collier, Shaping the Political Arena: [don't get bogged down in details]
Chapter 3: 68-75
Chapter 4: 106-113
Chapter 5: 169-195
Chapter 6: 360-402
Chapter 7: 507-570
Group B: Peru and Argentina
Guillermo O'Donnell, Modernization and Bureaucratic-Authoritarianism, pp. 116-131
Marcelo Cavarozzi, "Political Cycles in Argentina Since 1955," In Guillermo O'Donnell, Philippe C. Schmitter, and Laurence Whitehead, eds.Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Latin America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), pp. 19-45.
Collier and Collier, Shaping the Political Arena: [don't get bogged down in details]
Chapter 3: 88-93
Chapter 4: 129-157
Chapter 5: 314-350
Chapter 6: 470-497
Chapter 7: 692-742
Group C: Mexico and Venezuela
Collier and Collier, Shaping the Political Arena: [don't get bogged down in details]
Chapter 3: 75-82
Chapter 4: 113-124
Chapter 5: 202-270
Chapter 6: 407-437
Chapter 7: 531-587; 609-627
Recommended: Rueschemeyer, Stephens and Stephens, Capitalist Development and Democracy, pp. 172-206.
Week 4: The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes in the 1960s and 1970s (March 1)
All students should read the following:
Guillermo O'Donnell, Modernization and Bureaucratic-Authoritarianism: Studies in South American Politics (Berkeley: Institute for International Studies, 1979), pp. 51-111
David Collier, "Overview of the Bureaucratic-Authoritarian Model." In David Collier, ed. The New Authoritarianism in Latin America , pp. 19-32.
David Collier, "The Bureaucratic-Authoritarian Model: Synthesis and Priorities for Future Research" In David Collier, ed. The New Authoritarianism in Latin America, pp. 362-395.
Alfred Stepan, "The New Professionalism of Internal Warfare and Military Role Expansion." In Alfred Stepan, ed. Authoritarian Brazil (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1973), pp. 47-59.
Valenzuela, The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes: Chile, pp. 22-110
*also pp. 186-187 of Valenzuela chapter in Diamond, Linz, and Lipset
Abraham F. Lowenthal, "Peru's Ambiguous Revolution." In Abraham Lowenthal, ed. The Peruvian Experiment (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975), pp. 3-43.
Terry Karl, "Petroleum and Political Pacts: The Transition to Democracy in Venezuela" In Guillermo O'Donnell, Philippe C. Schmitter, and Laurence Whitehead, eds.Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Latin America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986)
The class will be divided into two groups for the following readings:
Group A: Alfred Stepan, "Political Leadership and Regime Breakdown: Brazil." In Juan J. Linz and Alfred Stepan, eds. The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes: Latin America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978), pp. 110-137.
Group B: Michael Wallerstein, "The Collapse of Democracy in Brazil: Its Economic Determinants," In Latin American Research Review XV, no. 3 (1980).
Recommended: Cardoso and Kaufman chapters in David Collier, ed. The New Authoritarianism in Latin America
--First short paper due: March 1--
Week 5: Military Rule and its Legacies (March 8)
Karen Remmer, Military Rule in Latin America, p. 3-110.
Hector Schamis, "Reconceptualizing Latin American Authoritarianism in the 1970s: From Bureaucratic Authoritarianism to Neoconservatism." Comparative Politics 23: 2 (January 1991), pp. 201-220.
Alejandro Foxley, Latin American Experiments in Neoconservative Economics (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983), pp. 9-39.
Patricia Weiss Fagen, "Repression and State Security," In Juan Corradi, Patricia Weiss Fagen, and Manuel Antonio Garreton, eds. Fear at the Edge: State Terror and Resistance in Latin America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992), pp. 39-71.
Arturo Valenzuela, "The Consolidation of One-Man Rule," In Paul W. Drake and Ivan Jaksic, eds. The Struggle for Democracy in Chile, 1982-1990 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press), pp. 21-72.
Julio Cotler, "The New Mode of Political Domination in Peru." In Abraham Lowenthal, ed. The Peruvian Experiment (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975), pp. 44-78.
Abraham Lowenthal, "The Peruvian Experiment Reconsidered," In Cynthia McClintock and Abraham Lowenthal, eds. The Peruvian Experiment Reconsidered (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983), pp. 415-430.
Juan Villarreal, "Changes in Argentine Society: The Heritage of the Dictatorship," In Monica Peralta-Ramos and Carlos H. Waisman, eds. From Military Rule to Liberal Democracy in Argentina (Boulder: Westview Press, 1987), pp. 69-89.
Juan Rial, "Makers and Guardians of Fear: Controlled Terror in Uruguay," In Juan Corradi, Patricia Weiss Fagen, and Manuel Antonio Garreton, eds. Fear at the Edge: State Terror and Resistance in Latin America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992), pp. 90-103.
Week 6: Issues of Democratic Transition (March 15)
Guillermo O'Donnell, "Tensions in the Bureaucratic State and the Question of Democracy," in Counterpoints (chapter 2)
Guillermo O'Donnell and Philippe C. Schmitter, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986) [entire book]
Samuel P. Huntingon, The Third Wave, pp. 31-108.
Adam Przeworski, "Some Problems in the Study of Transitions to Democracy." In Guillermo O'Donnell, Philippe C. Schmitter, and Laurence Whitehead, eds.Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Comparative Perspectives (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), pp. 47-63.
Robert Kaufman, "Liberalization and Democratization in South America: Perspectives from the 1970s." In Guillermo O'Donnell, Philippe C. Schmitter, and Laurence Whitehead, eds.Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Comparative Perspectives (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), pp. 85-107.
Fernando Henrique Cardoso, "Entrepreneurs and the Transition Process: The Brazilian Case." In O'Donnell, Schmitter, and Whitehead, eds.Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Comparative Perspectives (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), pp. 137-153.
Ruth Berins Collier and James Mahoney, "Adding Collective Actors to Collective Outcomes: Labor and Recent Democratization in South America and Southern Europe." Comparative Politics 29, no. 3 (April 1997), pp. 285-303.
Alison Brysk, "From Above and Below: Social Movements, the International System, and Human Rights in Argentina." Comparative Politics Studies 26, no. 3 (October 1993), pp. 259-285.
Ralph Della Cava, "The 'People's Church," the Vatican, and Abertura." in Alfred Stepan, ed. Democratizing Brazil (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989), pp. 143-167.
Week 7: Transitions and their Legacies (March 22)
Terry Lynn Karl, "Dilemmas of Democratization in Latin America." Comparative Politics 23: 1 (October 1990), pp. 1-21.
Frances Hagopian, "'Democracy by Undemocratic Means' Elites, Political Pacts, and Regime Transition in Brazil." Comparative Political Studies 23, no. 2 (July 1990), pp. 147-169.
Gerardo L. Munck, Authoritarianism and Democratization: Soldiers and Workers in Argentina, 1976-1983 (University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998), pp. 133-161.
Thomas Skidmore, "Brazil's Slow Road to Democratization: 1974-1985." In Alfred Stepan, ed. Democratizing Brazil (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), pp. 5-42.
Manuel Antonio Garretón, "The Political Evolution of the Chilean Military Regime." In O'Donnell, Schmitter, and Whitehead, eds.Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Latin America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), pp. 95-122.
Pamela Constable and Arturo Valenzuela, "Chile's Return to Democracy." Foreign Affairs 68: 5 (Winter 1989-90), pp. 169-186.
Charles Guy Gillespie, "The Role of Civil-Military Pacts in Elite Settlements and Elite Convergence: Democratic Consolidation in Uruguay." In John Higley and Richard Gunther, eds. Elites and Democratic Consolidation in Latin America and Southern Europe (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992), pp. 178-207.
Philip Mauceri, "The Transition to 'Democracy' and the Failures of Institution Building," In Maxwell Cameron and Philip Mauceri, eds. The Peruvian Labyrinth (University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997), pp. 13-36.
Read two of the following three articles
Laurence Whitehead, "The Peculiarities of 'Transition' a la Mexicana," In Neil Harvey and Monica Serrano, eds. Party Politics in 'An Uncommon Democracy': Political Parties and Elections in Mexico (London: The Institute of Latin American Studies, 1994), pp. 109-130.
Terry Lynn Karl, "El Salvador's Negotiated Revolution." Foreign Affairs 71, no. 2 (Spring 1992), pp. 147-164.
John A. Booth, "The Somoza Regime in Nicaragua." In H. E. Chehabi and Juan J. Linz, eds. Sultanistic Regimes (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998), pp. 132-152.
--Second short paper due: March 22--
Week 8: Spring Recess (Enjoy!)
Week 9: Issues of Democratic Consolidation (April 5)
Andreas Schedler, "What is Democratic Consolidation?" Journal of Democracy 9, no. 2 (April 1998), pp. 91-107.
Juan J. Linz and Alfred Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America, and Post-Communist Europe (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996) pp. 3-15 and 221-230.
Guillermo O'Donnell, "Illusions about Consolidation." In Counterpoints (chapter 9)
J. Samuel Valenzuela, "Democratic Consolidation in Post-Transitional Settings: Notion, Process, and Facilitating Conditions." In Scott Mainwaring, Guillermo O'Donnell, and J. Samuel Valenzuela, eds. Issues in Democratic Consolidation (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1992), pp. 57-94.
Guillermo O'Donnell, "Substantive or Procedural Consensus? Notes on the Latin American Bourgeoisie." In Douglas A. Chalmers, Maria do Carmo Campello de Souza, and Atilio A. Boron, eds. The Right and Democracy in Latin America (New York: Praeger, 1992), pp. 43-47.
Edward Gibson, "Conservative Party Politics in Latin America." In Jorge I. Dominguez and Abraham F. Lowenthal, eds. Constructing Democratic Governance: Latin America and the Caribbean in the 1990s--Themes and Issues (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), pp. 26-41.
Frances Hagopian, "Traditional Power Structures and Democratic Governance in Latin America," In Jorge I. Dominguez and Abraham F. Lowenthal, eds. Constructing Democratic Governance: Latin America and the Caribbean in the 1990s--Themes and Issues (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), pp. 64-86.
Alfred Stepan, Rethinking Military Politics , pp. 68-145.
Wendy Hunter, "Politicians Against Soldiers: Contesting the Military in Postauthoritarian Brazil." Comparative Politics 27, no. 4 (July 1995), pp. 425-443.
Wendy Hunter, Eroding Military Influence in Brazil: Politicians Against Soldiers (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997), pp. 146-172.
Week 10: Institutions, Representation, and Democratic Governance (April 12)
Guillermo O'Donnell, "Delegative Democracy." In O'Donnell, Counterpoints (Notre Dame, University of Notre Dame Press, 1999), pp. 159-174.
Kenneth M. Roberts, "Neoliberalism and the Transformation of Populism in Latin America: The Peruvian Case." World Politics 48 (October 1995), pp. 82-116.
Scott Mainwaring and Timothy R. Scully, "Introduction: Party Systems in Latin America." In Mainwaring and Scully, eds. Building Democratic Institutions: Party Systems in Latin America (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1995), pp. 1-34.
Arturo Valenzuela, "The Crisis of Presidentialism in Latin America." In Scott Mainwaring and Arturo Valenzuela, eds. Politics, Society, and Democracy: Latin America (Boulder: Westview Press, 1998), pp. 121-139.
Mathew Soberg Shugart and Scott Mainwaring: "Presidentialism and Democracy in Latin America: Rethinking the Terms of the Debate." In Mainwaring and Shugart, eds. Presidentialism and Democracy in Latin America (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp. 12-54.
Scott Mainwaring and Mathew Soberg Shugart, "Conclusion," In Mainwaring and Shugart, eds. Presidentialism and Democracy in Latin America (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp. 394-437.
Read one of the following two articles
Scott Mainwaring, "Brazil: Weak Parties, Feckless Democracy." In Scott Mainwaring and Timothy R. Scully, eds. Building Democratic Institutions: Party Systems in Latin America (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1995), pp. 354-398.
Catherine M. Conaghan, "Loose Parties, 'Floating' Politicians, and Institutional Stress: Presidentialism in Ecuador, 1979-1988." In Juan J. Linz and Arturo Valenzuela, eds. The Failure of Presidential Democracy (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994), pp. 254-285.
and
Read one of the following two articles
Peter M. Siavelis, "Executive-Legislative Relations in Post-Pinochet Chile: A Preliminary Assessment." In Scott Mainwaring and Mathew Soberg Shugart, eds. Presidentialism and Democracy in Latin America (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp. 321-362.
Eduardo A. Gamarra, "Hybrid Presidentialism and Democratization: The Case of Bolivia." In Scott Mainwaring and Mathew Soberg Shugart, eds. Presidentialism and Democracy in Latin America (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp. 363-393.
--Prospectus due: April 12--
Week 11: Democracy and Economic Reform (April 19)
Thomas Skidmore, "The Politics of Economic Stabilization in Postwar Latin America," in James Malloy, ed. Authoritarianism and Corporatism in Latin America (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1977), pp. 149-190.
Karen Remmer, "Democracy and Economic Crisis: The Latin American Experience." World Politics XLII, no. 3 (April 1990), pp. 315-335.
Adam Przeworski, Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991), pp. 136-139; 162-187.
Luiz Carlos Bresser Pereira, "Economic Reforms and Economic Growth: Efficiency and Politics in Latin America," In Bresser Pereira, José María Maravall, and Adam Przeworski, Economic Reforms in New Democracies: A Social-Democratic Approach (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993), pp. 15-36.
Stephen Haggard and Robert Kaufman, The Political Economy of Democratic Transitions (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995), pp. 151-173, 183-211, 227.
Kurt Weyland, "Neoliberal Populism in Latin America and Eastern Europe. Comparative Politics 31, no. 4 (July 1999), pp. 379-401.
Read at least four of the following six articles:
Catherine M. Conaghan, James M. Malloy, and Luis A. Abugattas, "Business and the 'Boys': The Politics of Neoliberalism in the Central Andes." Latin American Research Review XXV, no. 2 (1990), pp. 3-30.
Carlos Acuña, "Politics and Economics in the Argentina of the Ninetees (Or, Why the Future No Longer Is What It Used to Be)." In William S. Smith, Carlos Acuña, and Eduardo Gamarra, eds. Democracy, Markets, and Structural Reform in Latin America: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1994), pp. 31-56.
Denise Dresser, "Bringing the Poor Back In: National Solidarity as a Strategy of Regime Legitimation," In Wayne A. Cornelius, Ann. L. Craig, and Jonathan Fox, eds. Transforming State-Society Relations in Mexico: The National Solidarity Strategy (San Diego: Center for U.S.-Mexican Relations, 1994), pp. 143-165.
Eduardo A. Gamarra, "Crafting Political Support for Stabilization: Political Pacts and the New Economic Policy in Bolivia." In William S. Smith, Carlos H. Acuña, and Eduardo Gamarra, eds. Democracy, Markets, and Structural Reform in Latin America: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1994), pp. 105-127.
Fernando Filgueira and Jorge Papadópulous, "Putting Conservatism to Good Use? Long Crisis and Vetoed Alternatives in Uruguay." In Douglas A. Chalmers, Carlos M. Vilas, Katherine Hite, Scott B. Martin, Kerianne Piester, and Monique Segarra, eds. The New Politics of Inequality in Latin America: Rethinking Participation and Representation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), pp. 360-383.
Ben Ross Schneider, "Brazil Under Collor: Anatomy of a Crisis." World Policy Journal 8, no. 2 (1991), pp. 321-347.
Week 12: Revisiting the Concept of Democracy: Problems of Deepening Democracy (April 26)
Review Collier and Levitsky from week 1
Larry Diamond, "Is the Third Wave Over?" Journal of Democracy 7, no. 3 (July 1996), pp. 20-37.
Guillermo O'Donnell, "Transitions, Continuities, and Paradoxes." In Scott Mainwaring, Guillermo O'Donnell, and J. Samuel Valenzuela, eds. Issues in Democratic Consolidation (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1992), pp.17-56.
Guillermo O'Donnell, "On the State, Democratization, and Some Conceptual Problems: A Latin American View with Some Postcommunist Countries." In O'Donnell, Counterpoints (Notre Dame, University of Notre Dame Press, 1999), pp. 133-157.
Guillermo O'Donnell, "Polyarchies and the (Un)rule of Law in Latin America: A Partial Conclusion." In Juan E. Mendez, Guillermo O'Donnell, and Paulo Sergio Pinheiro, eds. The (Un)rule of Law and the Underprivileged in Latin America (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1999), pp. 303-337.
James Holston and Teresa P.R. Caldeira, "Democracy, Law, and Violence: Disjunctions of Brazilian Citizenship," In Felipe Aguero and Jeffrey Stark, eds. Fault Lines of Democracy in Post-Transition Latin America (Miami: North-South Center Press, 1998), pp. 263-296.
Guillermo O'Donnell, "Poverty and Inequality in Latin America: Some Political Reflections." In O'Donnell, Counterpoints (Notre Dame, University of Notre Dame Press, 1999), pp.195-215.
Kenneth M. Roberts, Deepening Democracy? The Modern Left and Social Movements in Chile and Peru , review pp. 17-41 from week 1; then pp. 53-73.
Evelyne Huber, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and John D. Stephens, "The Paradoxes of Contemporary Democracy: Formal, Participatory, and Social Dimensions." Comparative Poliitcs (April 1997), pp. 323-342.
Jorge Casteñeda, Utopia Unarmed: The Latin American Left After the Cold War, pp. 391-426.
Week 13: Revisiting Theories of Democratization: The Diverging Paths of Latin American Regimes in the 1990s (May 3)
Scott Mainwaring, "The Surprising Resilience of Elected Governments." Journal of Democracy 10: 3 (July 1999), pp. 101-114.
Timothy R. Scully, "Chile: The Political Underpinnings of Economic Liberalization." In Jorge I. Dominguez and Abraham F. Lowenthal, eds. Constructing Democratic Governance: South America in the 1990 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), pp. 99-117.
Maxwell A. Cameron, "Political and Economic Origins of Regime Change in Peru: The Eighteenth Brumaire of Alberto Fujimori." In Maxwell Cameron and Philip Mauceri, eds. The Peruvian Labyrinth (University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997), pp. 37-69.
Steven Levitsky, "Fujimori and Post-Party Politics in Peru." Journal of Democracy 10, no. 3 (July 1999), pp. 78-92.
Bolívar Lamounier, "Brazil: The Hyperactive Paralysis Syndrome." In Jorge I. Dominguez and Abraham F. Lowenthal, eds. Constructing Democratic Governance: South America in the 1990 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), pp. 166-187.
Michael Coppedge: "Venezuela: The Rise and Fall of Partyarchy." In Jorge I. Dominguez and Abraham F. Lowenthal, eds. Constructing Democratic Governance: South America in the 1990 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), pp. 3-19
Jennifer L. McCoy, "Chavez and the End of 'Partyarchy' in Venezuela." Journal of Democracy 10: 3 (July 1999), pp. 64-77.
Steven Levitsky, "The 'Normalization' of Argentine Democracy?" Journal of Democracy 11, no. 2 (April 2000).
Denise Dresser, "Mexico: The Decline of Dominant-Party Rule." In Jorge I. Dominguez and Abraham F. Lowenthal, eds. Constructing Democratic Governance: Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean in the 1990s (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), pp. 159-184.
Terry Lynn Karl, "The Hybrid Regimes of Central America." Journal of Democracy 6, no. 3 (July 1995), pp. 72-86.
Jorge I. Domínguez, "Cuba in the 1990s: The Transition to Somewhere" In Domínguez, Democratic Politics in Latin America and the Caribbean (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998), pp. 173-202.
Diego Abente Brun, "Paraguay: Transition from Caudillo Rule." In Jorge I. Dominguez and Abraham F. Lowenthal, eds. Constructing Democratic Governance: South America in the 1990 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), pp. 118-132.
[Article on Uruguay TBA]
--Research Paper due on the last day of final exams--