Seminar on Consolidating Democracy

A central purpose of the course is to think comparatively about the problems, opportunities, conditions, and constraints for democratic development and consolidation around the world. Concepts and theories will be examined in light of diverse empirical experiences from new democracies in Southern Europe, Central and Eastern Europe, the former Soviet Union, Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Students will be encouraged to share their country and regional expertise and research in class discussions and presentations. If you are not already engaged in specific study of a particular case (or set of cases) you are encouraged to read and master one or more of the case studies in Diamond, Linz, and Lipset, Politics in Developing Countries, 2nd ed., or a comparable treatment of a (newly emergent) democracy selected in consultation with the instructor.

Background Preparation

It is assumed that all students in the course have had some substantial exposure to the literature on "transitions to democracy" and "conditions for democracy," or at least to the broader comparative politics literature. At least one course in comparative politics or political sociology is a prerequisite for the seminar. A syllabus for my introductory course, "The Social Foundations of Democracy," is available to indicate some valuable background reading. It is highly recommended that you read, if you have not already done so, Robert Dahl, Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition (Yale University Press, 1971), Juan Linz, The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes: Crisis, Breakdown and Reequilibration (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978), Samuel P. Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century (University of Oklahoma Press, 1991), and, "What Makes for Democracy," in Diamond, Linz, and Lipset, Politics in Developing Countries, 2nd ed. (Lynne Rienner, 1995 - see the recommended texts, below).

Requirements and Grading

There is no mid-term or final exam. Rather, each student will be expected to come to each seminar having read and prepared to discuss a considerable portion of the reading for each week. Each student will write a major research paper (about the length of a journal article, in the range of 30-40 pages, or 8,000-10,000 words) analyzing a particular problem or theme of democratic consolidation in a particular country or region (e.g., the impact of the party system on democratic performance and consolidation in Brazil, or the interaction between economic reform and democratic consolidation in Poland, or the relationship between constitutional reform, horizontal accountability and democratic consolidation in Thailand). The paper is expected to begin with a substantial literature review putting the country or regional problem into a wider theoretical or comparative context. Thus, each student will be expected to integrate into the research paper discussion of salient course readings (including treatments of other countries and regions), and this aspect will be weighed significantly in grading. The topic of the paper must be chosen and the theme developed in consultation with the instructor. Incompletes are strongly discouraged. Therefore, each student is expected to identify a paper topic and have it approved by the instructor by April 28. Outlines for the paper should be submitted to the instructor by May 12. Term papers are due by Wednesday morning, June 9 (graduating seniors and those participating in commencement ceremonies may be required to submit earlier).

The research paper will account for 75% of the grade. The other 25% will be determined by participation in the seminar sessions. Each student is expected to have read the material assigned for each seminar session, and to contribute regularly and constructively to the seminar discussions. In addition, each student will be asked at least once during the quarter to present and/or comment upon some of the key themes and issues from a portion of the reading to be discussed during a particular seminar meeting. Finally, it is hoped that each student will have some particular familiarity with one or two specific countries.

SCHEDULE OF SEMINAR MEETINGS AND OTHER KEY DATES

March 31 Introduction to the Course

Conceptual Issues: What Do We Mean by Democracy, and by Consolidation?

April 7 Historical Legacies and Trajectories of Regime Change

April 14 Parties and Party Systems

April 21 Electoral Systems, Executive Structures, and Party Systems

April 28 Restraining Power: Horizontal Accountability

Topic for research paper due (after consultation) by April 28

May 5 Economic Reform and Democracy

May 12 Political Culture

Outline for Research Paper Due by May 12

May 19 Civil Society

May 26 Decentralization and Federalism

June 2 Civil-Military Relations

June 9: Research papers due.

REQUIRED AND RECOMMENDED COURSE TEXTS

Required

1. Juan J. Linz and Alfred Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996).

2. Larry Diamond, Consolidating Democracy: Toward Consolidation (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Universtiy Press, 1999; available approximately May 1).

3. Richard Gunther, P. Nikiforos Diamandouros, Hans Jurgen Puhle, eds., The Politics of Democratic Consolidation: Southern Europe in Comparative Perspective (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995).

4. Larry Diamond, Marc F. Plattner, Yun-han Chu, and Hung-mao Tien, eds., Consolidating the Third-Wave Democracies: Themes and Perspectives (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997).

5. Arend Lijphart, Electoral Systems and Party Systems (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994).

6. Andreas Schedler, Larry Diamond, and Marc F. Plattner, eds., The Self-Restraining State: Power and Accountability in New Democracies (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1999).

7. Robert D. Putnam, Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993).

8. Stephan Haggard and Robert R. Kaufman, The Political Economy of Democratic Transitions (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995).

9. Richard Rose, William Mishler, and Christian Haerpfer, Democracy and Its Alteranatives: Understanding Postcommunist Societies (Oxford: Polity Press, 1998).

Recommended

1. Matthew S. Shugart and John M. Carey, Presidents and Assemblies: Constitutional Design and Electoral Dynamics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992).

2. Larry Diamond, Juan J. Linz and Seymour Martin Lipset, eds., Politics in Developing Countries: Comparing Experiences with Democracy, Lynne Reinner Publishers, 1990.

3. Samuel P. Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century, University of Oklahoma Press, 1991

SCHEDULE OF READINGS

Note: Readings designated by brackets [ ] are recommended. Numbered readings in parantheses ( ) denote

March 31: Conceptual Issues: What Do We Mean by Democracy, and by Consolidation?

Larry Diamond, Developing Democracy, chapter 1, pp. 1-19, and chapter 3, pp. 64-77.

Juan Linz and Alfred Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation, pp. 3-33.

Richard Rose, et al., Democracy and Its Alternatives, pp. 7-14, [25-37].

Richard Gunther, P. Nikiforos Diamondouros, and Hans-Jurge Puhle, The Politics of Democratic Consolidation, pp. ix-xiv, 1-19, 410-413.

Guillermo O'Donnell, "Illusions about Consolidation," in Diamond, et al., Consolidating the Third Wave Democracies, pp. 40-57.

Richard Gunther, P. Nikiforos Diamondouros, and Hans-Jurge Puhle, “O’Donnell’s ‘Illusions’: A Rejoinder,” and Guillermo O’Donnell, “Illusions and Conceptual Flaws,” Journal of Democracy 7, no. 4 (1996), pp. 151-168.

Andreas Schedler, “What is Democratic Consolidation,” Journal of Democracy 9, no. 2 (1998), pp. 91-107.

[Philippe C. Schmitter and Terry Lynn Karl, "What Democracy Is... and Is Not," Journal of Democracy 2, no. 3 (Summer 1991), pp. 75-88.]

[Adam Przeworski, Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America (Cambridge University Press, 1991), pp. 10-34.]

Theoretical Overview of Facilitating and Obstructing Factors

[Larry Diamond, Juan J. Linz, and Seymour Martin Lipset, "What Makes for Democracy," in Diamond, Linz, and Lipset, eds., Politics in Developing Countries, 2nd ed., pp. 9-52.]

[Adam Przeworski, Michael Alvarez, José Antonio Cheibub, and Fernando Limongi, "What Makes Democracies Endure?" Journal of Democracy 7, no. 1 (January 1996), pp. 39-55, and in Diamond, et al., Consolidating the Third-Wave Democracies.]

[Scott Mainwaring, Guillermo O'Donnell, and J. Samuel Valenzuela, eds., Issues in Democratic Consolidation: The New South American Democracies in Comparative Perspective (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1992)]

April 7: Historical Legacies and Trajectories of Regime Change

Gunther, et al., The Politics of Democratic Consolidation, pp.19-32, 397-408.

Linz and Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transition, pp. 38-83, 244-254.

[Juan Linz, Alfred Stepan, and Richard Gunther, "Democratic Transitions and Consolidation in Southern Europe, with Reflections on Latin America and Eastern Europe," in Gunther et al, The Politics of Democratic Consolidation, pp. 77-123.]

Terry Lynn Karl and Philippe C. Schmitter, "Modes of Transition in Latin America, Southern and Eastern Europe," International Social Science Journal (May 1991), pp. 269-284.

[Philippe C. Schmitter and Terry Lynn Karl, "The Types of Democracy Emerging in Southern and Eastern Europe and South and Central America," in Peter M.E. Volten, ed., Bound to Change: Consolidating Democracy in East Central Europe (Boulder: Westview Press, 1992), pp. 42-68).]

Rose, Mishler, and Haerpfer, Democracy and Its Alternatives, pp. 44-67.

Michael Burton, Richard Gunther, and John Higley, "Introduction: Elite Transformations and Democratic Regimes," in Higley and Gunther, eds., Elites and Democratic Consolidation in Latin America and Southern Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), pp. 1-37.

Michael McFaul, “What Went Wrong in Russia? The Perils of a Protracted Transition,” Journal of Democracy 10, no. 2 (1999), pp. 4-18.

[John Higley, Judith Kullberg, and Jan Pakulski, "The Persistence of Postcommunist Elites," Journal of Democracy 7, no. 2 (April 1996), pp. 133-147.]

The Progress of Democratic Consolidation in the Third Wave

Diamond, Developing Democracy, chapter 2.

Samuel Huntington, "Democracy for the Long Haul," in Diamond, et al., Consolidating the Third-Wave Democracies, pp. 3-13.

Guillermo O'Donnell, "Delegative Democracy," Journal of Democracy 5, no. 1 (January 1994), pp. 55-69.

April 14: Parties and Party Systems

Diamond, Developing Democracy, pp. 96-98.

Leonardo Morlino, "Political Parties and Democratic Consolidation in Southern Europe," in Gunther, et al., The Politics of Democratic Consolidation, pp. 315-377 [pp. 377-388].

(1) Scott Mainwaring and Timothy R. Scully, "Introduction: Party Systems in Latin America," and "Conclusion: Parties and Democracy in Latin America--Different Patterns, Common Challenges," in Mainwaring and Scully, eds., Building Democratic Institutions: Party Systems in Latin America (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1995), pp. 1-34, 459-474, + endnotes.

(2) Michael Coppedge, “Latin American Parties: Political Darwinism in the Lost Decade,” Notre Dame University, manuscript, October 1998.

(3) Herbert Kitschelt, “The Variability of Parties and Party Systems in Post-Communist Democracies: Hypotheses and Illustrations,” Duke University, manuscript, August 1998.

Gábor Tóka, “Political Parties in East Central Europe,” in Diamond et al., Consolidating the Third Wave Democracies, pp. 93-122 (93-134).

(4) Scott Mainwaring, “Party Systems in the Third Wave,” Journal of Democracy 9, no. 3 (1998), p. 67-81.

(5) Hermann Giliomee, “South Africa’s Emerging Dominant-Party Regime,” Journal of Democracy 9, no. 4 (1998), pp. 128-142.

(6) Juan J. Linz, "Change and Continuity in the Nature of Contemporary Democracies," in Gary Marks and Larry Diamond, eds., Reexamining Democracy (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1992), pp. 182-190, 205-207.

[Geoffrey Pridham and Paul Lewis, "Introduction: Stabilising Fragile Democracies and Party System Development," in Pridham and Lewis, eds., Stabilising Fragile Democracies: Comparing New Party Systems in Southern and Eastern Europe (London, Routledge, 1996), pp. 1-22.]

April 21: Electoral Systems and Party Systems

Diamond, Developing Democracy, pp. 99-111.

Arend Lijphart, Electoral Systems and Party Systems: A Study of Twenty-Seven Democracies, 1945-1990 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), pp.1-25, 29-36, 39-42, 46-62, 67-113, 130-134, 139-152.

Matthew Soberg Shugart and John Carey, Presidents and Assemblies: Constitutional Design and Electoral Dynamics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), chs. 10-11, pp. 206-211, 213-229, 237-258.

(7) Rein Taagepera and Matthew Soberg Shugart, Seats and Votes: The Effects and Determinants of Electoral Systems (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989), Ch. 18, "Designing Electoral Systems," pp. 218-237. [The book in general is highly recommended.]

(8) Giovanni Sartori, Comparative Constitutional Engineering: An Inquiry Into Structures, Incentives, and Outcomes (New York: New York University Press, 1994), Ch. 4, "Choosing an Electoral System," pp. 53-79. [This entire book is quite accessible and highly recommended]

(9) Rein Taagepera, “How Electoral Systems Matter for Democratization,” Democratization 5, no. 3 (1998): pp. 68-91 (esp. 80-88).

(10) Andrew Reynolds, "Constitutional Engineering in Southern Africa," Journal of Democracy 6, no. 1 (April 1995), pp. 86-99. [Andrew Reynolds, Electoral Systems and Democratization in Southern Africa (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1999).]

(11) Debate: PR and Southern Africa

Joel D. Barkan, "Elections in Agrarian Societies," pp. 106-116, and Andrew Reynolds, "The Case for Proportionality," pp. 117-124, Journal of Democracy 6, no. 4 (October 1995).

(12) Peter C. Ordeshook, "Reexamining Russia: Institutions and Incentives," Journal of Democracy 6, no. 2 (April 1995), pp. 46-60.

[Vincent T. Maphai, "The New South Africa: A Season for Power-Sharing," Journal of Democracy 7, no. 1 (January 1996), pp. 67-81.]

[Special issue of Party Politics 4, no. 4 (1998): “Party Systems and Democracy in Latin America.”]

April 28 Restraining Power: Horizontal Accountability

From Andreas Schedler, Larry Diamond, and Marc F. Plattner, eds., The Self-Restraining State: Power and Accountability in New Democracies (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers):

ch. 2, Andreas Schedler, “Conceptualizing Accountability, ” 13-28.

ch. 3, Guillermo O’Donnell, “Horizontal Accountability in New Democracies,” 29-51.

ch. 5, Robert Pastor, “A Brief History of Electoral Commissions,” 75-81.

ch. 9, Herman Schwartz, “A Brief History of Judicial Review,” 145-150.

ch. 10, Pilar Domingo, “Judicial Independence ...in Latin America,” 151-175.

ch. 11, Jennifer Widner, “Building Judicial Independence in ... Africa,” 177-193.

ch. 13, Michael Johnston, “A Brief History of Anticorruption Agencies,” 217-226.

ch. 17, Sylvia Maxfield, “A Brief History of Central Bank Independence in Developing Countries,” 285-292.

ch. 20, Schedler, “Conflicts and Agents of Accountability,” 333-350.

(13) Larry Diamond, “Political Corruption: Nigeria’s Perennial Struggle,” Journal of Democracy 2, no. 4 (1991), pp. 73-85.

(14) Robert Klitgaard, “Political Corruption: Strategies for Reform,” Journal of Democracy 2, no. 4 (1991), pp. 86-101.

(15) Larry Diamond, “Controlling Endemic Corruption,” presentation to the World Bank, November 10, 1998.

[Hugo Frühling, “Judicial Reform and Democratization in Latin America,” in Felipe Agüero and Jeffrey Stark, eds., Fault Lines of Democracy in Post-Transition Latin America (Miami: North-South Center Press, 1998), pp. 237-272.]

[William Ratliff and Edgardo Buscaglia, “Judicial Reform: Institutionalizing Change in the Americas,” in Edgardo Buscaglia, William Ratliff, and Robert Cooter, The Law and Economics of Development (Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1997), pp. 313-339.]

May 5 Economic Reform and Democracy

Stephan Haggard and Robert R. Kaufman, The Political Economy of Democratic Transitions, pp.3-11, 151-266, 309-379.

From Larry Diamond and Marc F. Plattner, eds, Economic Reform and Democracy (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995):

(16) ch. 2, José María Maravall, “The Myth of the Authoritarian Advantage,” 13-27.

(17) ch. 3, Moisés Naím, “Latin America: The Second Stage of Reform,” 28-44.

(18) ch. 7, Leszek Balcerowicz, “Understanding Postcommunist Transitions,” 86-100.

(19) Larry Diamond, "Democracy and Economic Reform: Tensions, Compatibilities, and Strategies for Reconciliation," in Edward P. Lazear, ed., Economic Transition in Eastern Europe and Russia: Realities of Reform (Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1995), pp. 114-147 [107-158].

(20) Luiz Carlos Bresser Pereira, José Maria Maravall, and Adam Przeworski, "Conclusions," Economic Reforms in New Democracies: A Social Democratic Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), pp. 199-220.

(21) David Stark and Laszlo Bruszt, Postsocialist Pathways: Tranforming Politics and Property in East Central Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), ch.’s 7-8, pp. 166-201 (+ notes0.

(22) Jorge Dominguez, “Free Politics and Free Markets in Latin America,” Journal of Democracy 9, no. 4 (1998), pp. 70-84.

(23) Hilton L. Root, Mark A. Abdollahian, Gregory Beier, and Jacek Kugler, “Economic Crisis and the Future of Oligarchy in Korea,” Hoover Institution, manuscript, February 1999 (25 pp.)

(24) Anders Aslund, “The Problem of Fiscal Federalism, ” and James Millar, “Creating Perverse Incentives,” in “What Went Wrong with Russia?” Journal of Democracy 10, no. 2 (1999), pp. 83-90.

[Adam Przeworski, Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 136-191.]

[Kenneth M. Roberts, "Neoliberalism and the Transformation of Populism in Latin America: The Peruvian Case," World Politics 48 (October 1995), pp. 82-116.]

[Karen L. Remmer, "The Political Impact of Economic Crisis in Latin America in the 1980s," American Political Science Review 85, no. 3 (September 1991), pp. 777-800).]

[Joan M. Nelson, et al., Intricate Links: Democratization and Market Reforms in Latin America and Eastern Europe (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1994)]

[Joan M. Nelson, ed., A Precarious Balance: Democracy and Economic Reforms in Latin America (San Francisco: Institute for Contemporary Studies, 1994)]

[Stephan Haggard and Steven B. Webb, Voting for Reform: Democracy, Political Liberalization, and Economic Adjustment (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994)]

[Adam Przeworski, et al., Sustainable Democracy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), pp. 67-112]

May 12: Political Culture: Democratic Legitimacy and other Attitudes and Values

Diamond, Developing Democracy, ch. 5, pp. 161-217.

Leonardo Morlino and José R. Montero, "Legitimacy and Democracy in Southern Europe," in Gunther, et al., The Politics of Democratic Consolidation, pp. 231-260.

Linz and Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation, pp. 108-115, 214-215, 219-230, 434-457.

Richard Rose, et al., Democracy and Its Alternatives, pp. 91-119, 138-211.

Robert A. Putnam, Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy , pp. 86-91, 109-115.

[Edward N. Muller and Mitchell A. Seligson, "Civic Culture and Democracy: The Question of Causal Relationships," American Political Science Review 88, no. 3 (September 1994), pp. 635-652.]

[Larry Diamond, Political Culture and Democracy in Developing Countries, pp. 1-27, 229-249.]

[Peter McDonough, Samuel H. Barnes, and Antonio Lopez Pina, "The Growth of Democratic Legitimacy in Spain," American Political Science Review 80, no. 2 (September 1986), pp. 735-760; and The Cultural Dynamics of Democratization in Spain (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998).]

[Frederick D. Weil, "Political Culture, Political Structure, and Democracy," in Weil ed., Research on Democracy and Society 2, pp. 65-115.]

May 19: Civil Society

Diamond, Developing Democracy, chapter 6, pp. 218-260.

Robert Putnam, Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy, pp. 3-16, 86-120, [121-148], 148-185.

Philippe C. Schmitter, "Civil Society East and West,” in Diamond et al., Consolidating the Third Wave Democracies, pp. 239-262.

Aleksander Smolar, “From Opposition to Atomization,” in Diamond et al., Consolidating the Third Wave Democracies, pp. 263-277.

E. Gyimah-Boadi, "Civil Society in Africa," in Diamond et al., Consolidating the Third Wave Democracies, pp. 278-292.

(25) Marysa Navarro and Susan C. Bourque, “Fault Lines of Democratic Governance: A Gender Perspective,” in Agüero and Stark, eds., Fault Lines of Democracy in Post-Transition Latin-America, pp. 175-202.

(26) Margaret E. Keck and Kathryn Sikkink, Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998), pp. 1-38.

[Philippe C. Schmitter, "Organized Interests and Democratic Consolidation in Southern Europe," in Gunther, et al., eds., The Politics of Democratic Consolidation, pp. 284-314.]

[Bronislaw Geremek, "Problems of Postcommunism: Civil Society Then and Now," Journal of Democracy 3, no. 2 (April 1992), pp 3-12).]

May 26: Federalism and Decentralization

Diamond, Developing Democracy, ch. 4 (with Svetlana Tsalik), pp. 117-160.

(27) William H. Riker, Federalism: Origin, Operation, Significance (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1964), ch. 1, pp. 1-10; ch. 5, pp. 125-136.

(28) Alfred Stepan, “Toward a New Comparative Analysis of Democracy and Federalism: Demos Constraining and Demos Enabling Federations,” paper presented to the 17th World Congress of the International Political Science Association, Seoul, Korea, August 17-22, 1997 (manuscript, 51 pp.).

(29) Peter C. Ordeshook and Olga Shvetsova, "Federalism and Constitutional Design,” Journal of Democracy 8, no. 1 (1997), pp. 27-42.

(30) Arend Lijphart, Democracies: Patterns of Majoritarian and Consensus Government in Twenty-One Countries (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984), Ch. 10, Division of Power: The Federal-Unitary and Centralized-Decentralized Contrast," pp. 169-186.

(31) Donald L. Horowitz, Ethnic Groups in Conflict (University of California Press, 1985), pp. 601-628.

(32) Barry Weingast, "The Economic Role of Political Institutions: Market-Preserving Federalism and Economic Development," The Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 11, no. 1 (April 1995), pp. 1-31.

Putnam, Making Democracy Work, ch's 2-3, pp. 17-82.

[James Manor, “India Defies the Odds: Making Federalism Work,” Journal of Democracy 9, no. 3 (1998), pp. 21-35.]

[Donald L. Horowitz, A Democratic South Africa: Constitutional Engineering in a Divided Society (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991), pp. 214-226.]

[Robert L. Hardgrave, "India: The Dilemmas of Diversity," Journal of Democracy 4, no. 4 (October 1993), pp. 54-68.]

[Rotimi L. Suberu, "The Travails of Federalism in Nigeria," Journal of Democracy 4, no. 4 (October 1993), pp. 39-53.]

[Jonathan Fox, "Latin America's Emerging Local Politics," Journal of Democracy 5, no. 2 (April 1994), pp. 105-116.]

[Jonathan Fox, "The Difficult Transition from Clientelism to Citizenship: Lessons from Mexico," World Politics 46, no. 2 (January 1994), pp. 151-184]

[R. Andrew Nickson, Local Government in Latin America (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1995), pp. 1-3, 17-25, 27-29, 31-35, 51-59, 61-72, 79-81, 83-90.]

[Harald Baldersheim, Michael Illner, et al., eds., Local Democracy and the Processes of Transformation in East-Central Europe (Boulder: Westview Press, 1996), pp. 1-41, 138-141, 156, 193-201, 219-223, 225-240.]

June 2Civil-Military Relations

[Samuel Huntington, The Third Wave, pp. 231-253.]

(33) Samuel Huntington, "Reforming Civil-Military Relations," Journal of Democracy 6, no. 4 (October 1995), pp. 9-17.

(34) Richard H. Kohn, “How Democracies Control the Military,” Journal of Democracy 8, no. 4 (1997), pp. 140-153.

Diamond, Developing Democracy, pp. 112-116.

Felipe Agüero, “Toward Civilian Supremacy in South America,” in Larry Diamond, et al., Consolidating the Third Wave Democracies, pp. 177-206.

Harold Crouch, “Civil-Military Relations in Southeat Asia,” in Larry Diamond, et al., Consolidating the Third Wave Democracies, pp. 207-235.

Linz and Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation, ch. 13 (Chile), pp. 205-218.

(35) Wendy Hunter, "Contradictions of Civilian Control: Argentina, Brazil and Chile in the 1990s," Third World Quarterly 15, no. 4 (December 1994), p. 633-653.

(36) Alfred Stepan, Rethinking Military Politics: Brazil and the Southern Cone (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988), Ch. 8, "Democratic Empowerment and the Military," pp. 128-145. [This book is essential reading for those especially interested in the subject.]

(37) Consuelo Cruz and Rut Diamant, “The New Military Autonomy in Latin America,” Journal of Democracy 9, no. 4 (1998): 115-27.

[Zoltan Barany, “What Went Wrong in Russia? Controlling the Military: A Partial Success,” Journal of Democracy 10, no. 2 (1999), pp. 54-67.]

[Felipe Aguero, Soldiers, Civlians, and Democracy: Post-Franco Spain in Comparative Perspective (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995), chs. 1, 2, 3, 9]

[Felipe Agüero, "Democratic Consolidation and the Military in Southern Europe and Latin America," in Gunther et al., The Politics of Democratic Consolidation, pp. 124-165.]

[Wendy Hunter, “Civil-Military Relations in Argentina, Brazil, and Chile: Present Trends, Future Prospects,” in Agüero and Stark, Fault Lines of Democacy in Post-Transition Latin America (1998), pp. 299-322.]

[David Pion-Berlin, "Military Autonomy and Emerging Democracies in South America," Comparative Politics 25, no. 1 (October 1992), pp. 83-103.]

[Wendy Hunter, "Politicians Against Soldiers: Contesting the Military in Postauthoritarian Brazil," Comparative Politics 27, no. 4 (July 1995), pp. 425-443.]

[J. Samuel Fitch, "Democracy, Human Rights, and the Armed Forces in Latin America," in Jonathan Hartlyn, Lars Schoultz, and Augusto Varas, eds., The United States and Latin America in the 1990s: Beyond the Cold War (Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1993).]

[Charles Fairbanks, "The Postcommunist Wars," Journal of Democracy 6, no. 4 (October 1995), pp. 18-14.]