Professor Larry Diamond

TA: Catalin Cosovanu

Course Description and Requirements

This course is intended as a broad, introductory survey of the political, social, cultural, economic, and international factors that foster the development and consolidation of democracy.  Each factor will be examined in historical and comparative perspective, with reference to a variety of different national experiences.  Country case studies will be drawn from the 26-nation comparative study, Democracy in Developing Countries, edited by Diamond, Linz, and Lipset, as well as from the Journal of Democracy and other publications.  An important aim of the course is to encourage each student to relate the historical development of particular countries to the various theories about democracy, and to evaluate those theories in light of the experience of individual countries.  Thus, you will be asked, in addition to the regular weekly reading, to read at least one of the country case studies by the mid-term and hopefully a second by the final exam.  You are free to select for closer study any country or countries you wish, but the reading must be selected  in consultation with the instructor.

As an intensive survey of a broad literature, this course has very heavy reading assignments.  It is not expected that you will do all of the reading each week, but all students are expected to keep up with at least those readings to which the instructor gives priority each week.  The most essential reading will be at least 100 pages of reading per week.  You will also be expected in each essay exam to master in depth a particular theme, problem, or debate, and to draw relevant linkages across themes and between theories and case studies.  Your effectiveness in these regards will heavily determine your grade in the course.

The mid-term and final will be take-home essay exams.  Each student will answer one essay question for the mid-term exam and two for the final exam, with each essay counting for 30% of the grade.  Each essay should range from 6-10 pages (typed, doubled spaced).  Ten percent of the grade will be determined by participation in class and discussion section.  To ease the load during finals week, two of the four questions for the final exam (from which you may choose one to answer) will be distributed on May 18, and that essay may be submitted at any time prior to the due date for the final exam, on June 9.  Thus, the schedule is:

    Mid-term:    Distributed Tuesday April 25; due Tuesday, May 2

    Final I:         Distributed Thursday, May 18; due Monday June 5

    Final II:        Distributed Thursday, June 1 (final lecture); due Tuesday June 6
 
 

March 28        Introduction to the Course, Concepts of Democracy

March 30        Assessing the Third Wave of Global Democratization

April 4             Democratic Consolidation

April 6             Legitimacy, Authority and Effectiveness

April 11           Political Culture

April 13           Is Political Culture Destiny?  Democratic Prospects for East Asia

April 18           Historical Legacies: Paths of Change and Prior Regimes

April 20           Economic Development and Class Structure

April 25           Civil Society

April 27           Civil Society: Case Studies

May 2              Horizontal Accountability and the Rule of Law

May 4              Horizontal Accountability and the Control of Corruption

May 9              Constitutional Design: Presidential vs. Parliamentary Government

May 11            Parties and Party Systems

May 16            Electoral Systems

May 18            Social Cleavages and Ethnicity

May 23            Managing Ethnic and Nationality Conflict

May 25            International Factors

May 30            Democratic Breakdowns

June 1             Democratic Prospects
 
 

1.  Larry Diamond, Developing Democracy: Toward Consolidation (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999)

2. Larry Diamond, Juan J. Linz and Seymour Martin Lipset, eds., Politics in Developing Countries:  Comparing Experiences with Democracy, 2nd edition, Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1995.

3. Robert A. Dahl, Polyarchy:  Participation and Opposition, Yale University Press, 1971.

4. Samuel P. Huntington, The Third Wave:  Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century, University of Oklahoma Press, 1991

5. Juan J. Linz, The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes:  Crisis, Breakdown and Reequilibration, John Hopkins University Press, 1978.

6. Larry Diamond and Marc F. Plattner, eds., The Global Resurgence of Democracy, 2nd ed., Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996.

7. Arend Lijphart, Government Forms and Performance in Thirty-Six Countries (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999)

8. Andreas Schedler, Larry Diamond, and Marc F. Plattner, eds., The Self-Restraining State: Power and Accountability in New Democracies

9. Course Reader (Stanford Bookstore).
 
 

1. Introduction: What Makes for Democracy?
by Larry Diamond, Juan J. Linz, and Seymour Martin Lipset

2. Chile:  Origins and Consolidation of a Latin American Democracy
by Arturo Valenzuela

3. Brazil:  Inequality Against Democracy
by Bolivar Lamounier

4. Mexico:  Sustained Civilian Rule Without Democracy
by Daniel C. Levy & Kathleen Bruhn

5. Turkey:  Crises, Interruptions, and Reequilibrations
by Ergun Ozbudun

6. India:  Democratic Becoming and Developmental Transition
by Jyotirindra Das Gupta

7. Thailand:  A Stable Semi-democracy
by Chai-Anan Samudavanija

8. The Republic of Korea: Pluralizing Politics
by David I. Steinberg

9. Nigeria: The Uncivic Society and the Descent into Praetorianism
by Larry Diamond

10. Senegal:  The Development and Fragility of Semidemocracy
by Christian Coulon

11. South Africa: Divided in a Special Way
by Steven Friedman
 
 

Africa

1. Nigeria                January 99

2. Ghana                 April 97

3. Senegal              Jan 94

4. Botswana

5. South Africa      Jan 96, Jan 98, Oct 98, Oct 99
 

Asia

1. India                    Jan 97, July 98

2. Pakistan             Jan 97, July 98

3. Sri Lanka            Jan 97

4. Turkey                 July 96, Oct 99

5. Philippines         Jan 99

6. South Korea      April 98, July 99

7. Thailand              Jan 96, Oct 99

8. Malaysia              Oct 96

9. Papua New Guinea

10. Indonesia         Oct 96, Oct 99
 

Latin America

1. Argentina            April 00

2. Brazil                   July 99

3. Chile                     April 00

4. Uruguay              April 00

5. Venezuela           Oct 96, July 99

6. Colombia

7. Peru                      July 99

8. Costa Rica

9. Dominican Republic

10. Mexico                Oct 97
 

Update material can also be found in recent issues of Current History, Asian Survey, Africa Report, Latin American Research Review and other journals.
 
 

Note: Readings designated by brackets [ ] are recommended (i.e. not required).  Politics in Developing Countries is abbreviated PDC, Democracy in Developing Countries is abbreviated DDC (and DDC: LA signifies Democracy in Developing Countries: Latin America, 2nd ed).  Numbers in parentheses indicate sequence of appearance in the Course Reader.
 

March 28: Concepts of Democracy and Classification of Countries
 

Larry Diamond, Developing Democracy, pp. 7-19

Philippe Schmitter and Terry Karl, "What Democracy Is...and Is Not," The Global Resurgence of Democracy, pp. 49-62.

Robert Dahl, Polyarchy, pp. 1-32.

Larry Diamond, Juan J. Linz and Seymour Martin Lipset, "What Makes for Democracy?” in PDC, pp. 1-9 (or DDC: LA, pp. viii-xi, & 1-7).

March 30: Assessing the Third Wave of Global Democratization
 

Samuel P. Huntington, The Third Wave, pp. 3-46

Diamond, Developing Democracy, ch. 2, pp. 24-63

(1) Fareed Zakaria, “The Rise of Illiberal Democracy,” Foreign Affairs (1997)

Guillermo O'Donnell, "Delegative Democracy," in Diamond and Plattner, The Global Resurgence of Democracy, pp. 94-108

Marc F. Plattner, “The Democratic Moment,” in Diamond and Plattner, The Global Resurgence of Democracy, pp. 36-48

[Samuel P. Huntington, “Democracy for the Long Haul,” Journal of Democracy 7, no. 2 (April 1996): 3-13]

[Diamond, Hartlyn and Linz, DDC: LA, Introduction, pp. 60-65]

Diamond, “Reassessing Global Democracy,” manuscript, January 2000 (on the class web page)

April 4: Democratic Consolidation
 

Diamond, Developing Democracy, pp. 64-77

(2) Juan J. Linz and Alfred Stepan, “Toward Consolidated Democracies,” Journal of Democracy 7, no. 2 (April 1996): 14-33

(3) Dankwart Rustow, "Transitions to Democracy," Comparative Politics vol. 2 (1970), pp. 337-363.

[Andreas Schedler, “What is Democratic Consolidation,” Journal of Democracy 9, no. 2 (1998), pp. 91-107]

[Huntington, The Third Wave, pp. 270-279]

[Guillermo O'Donnell, "Illusions about Consolidation," Journal of Democracy 7, no. 2 (April 1996): 34-51]

[Richard Gunther, P. Nikiforos Diamondouros, and Hans-Jurge Puhle, “O’Donnell’s ‘Illusions’: A Rejoinder,” and Guillermo O’Donnell, “Illusions and Conceptual Flaws,” Journal of Democracy 7, no. 4 (1996), pp. 151-168]

April 6: Legitimacy, Authority, and Effectiveness
 

(4) S. M. Lipset, Political Man, Ch. 3, "Social Conflict, Legitimacy and Democracy," pp. 64-79.

(5) S. M. Lipset, The First New Nation, Ch. 1 "Establishing National Authority," pp. 15-23, 44-46, 59-60, and from reading #34, pp. 313-315.

J. J. Linz, The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes, pp. 16-23.

Robert Dahl, Polyarchy, pp. 129-149.

Diamond, Developing Democracy, pp. 77-93, 174-200

Huntington, The Third Wave, pp. 46-58.

[Diamond, Linz, and Lipset, "What Makes for Democracy?" PDC, pp. 9-15.]

April 11: Political Culture
 

Diamond, Developing Democracy, pp.  161-174, 200-217

(6) Gabriel A. Almond and Sidney Verba, The Civic Culture (Princeton University Press, 1963), pp. 3-8, 14-26, 31-32, 379-384, 473-501.

(7) Robert A. Putnam, Making Democracy Work:  Civic Traditions in Modern Italy (1992), pp. 86-91, 109-115.

Robert Dahl, Polyarchy, pp. 124-129, [150-188].

Arturo Valenzuela, "Chile: Origins and Consolidation of a Democratic Regime," in PDC, pp. 83-86, or pp. 207-210 in DDC: LA

Ergun Ozbudun, "Turkey:  Crises, Interruptions and Reequilibrations," in PDC, pp. 244-46.

April 13: Is Politicial Culture Destiny?  Democratic Prospects for East Asia
 

(8) Lucian Pye, Asian Power and Politics:  The Cultural Dimensions of Authority (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1985), pp. 18-29.

(9) "Culture is Destiny:  A Conversation with Lee Kuan Yew," Foreign Affairs, Vol. 73, no. 2 (March/April 1994), pp.  109-121, 125-126.

(10) Kim Dae Jung, "Is Culture Destiny?" Foreign Affairs 73, no. 6 (November-December 1994), pp. 189-194.

(11) Francis Fukuyama, "Confucianism and Democracy," Journal of Democracy, Vol. 6, no. 2 (April 1995), pp. 20-33.

From the Journal of Democracy, 8, no. 2 (April 1997): “Hong Kong: Singapore, and ‘Asian Values’”
(12) Margaret Ng, “Why Asia Needs Democracy,” pp. 9-23
(13) Bilahari Kausikan, “Governance that Works,” pp. 24-34
(14) Joseph Chan, “Alternative View,” pp. 35-48.

[Hahm Chaibong, “The Cultural Challenge to Individualism,” Journal of Democracy 11, no. 1 (January 2000): 127-134]

(15) Amartya Sen, “Democracy as a Universal Value,” Journal of Democracy 10, no. 3 (July 1999): 3-17

Huntington, The Third Wave, pp. 298-311.

[Diamond, Developing Democracy, 3-7]

[Muthiah Alagappa, “The Asian Spectrum,” in The Global Resurgence of Democracy, pp. 342-349.]

[David Steinberg, “The Republic of Korea: Pluralizing Politics,”  PDC, 395-402.]

April 18:   Historical Legacies: Paths of Change and Prior Regimes
 

Dahl, Polyarchy, pp. 33-47.

(16) Myron Weiner, "Empirical Democratic Theory," in Weiner and Ergun Ozbudun, eds., Competitive Elections in Developing Countries (Duke University Press, 1987), pp. 18-22.

Diamond, Hartlyn, and Linz, DDC: LA, pp. 7-16

(17) Diamond, "Introduction" to DDC:  Africa, pp. 6-10.

(18) Diamond, "Introduction" to DDC:  Asia, pp. 10-14.

(19) Juan J. Linz and Alfred Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America, and Post-Communist Europe (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), pp. 38-71, 244-54

April 20: Economic Development and Class Structure
 

(20) S. M. Lipset, Political Man, Ch. 2, "Economic Development and Democracy," pp. 27-58, [58-62], 469-476.

(21) L. Diamond, "Economic Development and Democracy Reconsidered," American Behavioral Scientist, vol. 35 March/June 1992, pp. 450-499.

(22) Adam Przeworski, et al, “What Makes Democracies Endure?”   Journal of Democracy, 7, no. 1, January 1996, pp. 39-55 (esp 39-43, 49-50).

Huntington, The Third Wave, 59-72, 311-316.

(23) S. P. Huntington and Joan Nelson, No Easy Choice (Harvard University Press, 1976), pp. 17-27, [28-64].

Diamond, Linz, and Lipset, "What Makes for Democracy?" PDC, pp. 21-27, or Diamond, Hartlyn and Linz, “Introduction,” DDC: LA, 44-48

Harry Rowen, "The Tide Underneath the Third Wave," in Diamond and Plattner, The Global Resurgence of Democracy, pp.  307-319

[Steinberg, “The Republic of Korea,” in PDC, 402-405.]

[Dietrich Rueschemeyer, Evelyne Huber Stephens, & John D. Stephens, Capitalist Development & Democracy (University of Chicago Press, 1990), pp 12-31.]

Robert Dahl, Polyarchy, pp. 81-104.

[Dietrich Rueschemeyer, Evelyne Huber Stephens, & John D. Stephens, Capitalist Development & Democracy (University of Chicago Press, 1990),  5-6, 8, 46-47, 52-53, 57-63, 270-275, 282-285, 287-289.]

(24) Hsin Huang Michael Hsiao and Hagen Koo, “The Middle Classes and Democratization,” in Larry Diamond, Marc F. Plattner, Yun-han Chu, and Hung-mao Tien, eds., Consolidating the Third Wave Democracies: Themes and Perspectives (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997), pp. 312-333.

Diamond, Hartlyn, and Linz, DDC: LA, 48-53

[Bolivar Lamounier, “Brazil: Inequality against Democracy,” 142-146 in PDC, 154-158 in DDC: LA)]

[S. P. Huntington and Joan Nelson, No Easy Choice (Harvard University Press, 1976), pp. 64-78.]

April 25:   Civil Society
 

Larry Diamond, Developing Democracy, ch. 6, 218-260

(25) Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, Vol. 2, Book 2,
Ch's 5-7, (pp. 106-120 of the Knopf Everyman’s Library edition).

(26) William A. Galston, “Civil Society and the ‘Art’ of Association,” Journal of Democracy 11, no. 1 (January 2000): 64-70

Bronislaw Geremek, “Civil Society Then and Now,” Global Resurgence,  241-250.

Robert A. Putnam, "Bowling Alone:  America's Declining Social Capital," Global Resurgence, pp. 290-303.

(27) Putnam, Making Democracy Work, pp. 171-185.

[Michael W. Foley and Bob Edwards, “The Paradox of Civil Society,” Journal of Democracy 7, no. 3 (July 1996): 38-52]

Diamond, Linz & Lipset, “What Makes for Democracy?” PDC, 27-31, or DDC: LA, 54-57
 

(28) M. Steven Fish, "Russia's Fourth Transition," Journal of Democracy 5, no. 3 (July 1994): 31-43.

(29) Aleksander Smolar, “Civil Society after Communism: From Opposition to Atomization,” Journal of Democracy 7, no. 1 (January 1996): 24-38.

(30) E. Gyimah-Boadi, “Civil Society in Africa,”Journal of Democracy  7, no. 2 (April 1996): 118-132.

[ Wilmot James and Daria Caliguire, “The New South Africa: Renewing Civil Society,” Journal of Democracy, 7, no. 1 (January 1996): 56-66]

(31) María Rosa de Martini and Sofia L. de Pinedo, “Women and Civic Life in Argentina,” Journal of Democracy 3, no. 3 (July 1992): 138-146

(32) Monica Jimenez de Barros, "Mobilizing for Democracy in Chile," pp. 73-88 in Larry Diamond, The Democratic Revolution (New York: Freedom House, 1992)

[ Krzystof Stanowski, “Teaching Democracy in Postcommunist Countries,” Journal of Democracy 9, no. 3 (July 1998): 157-165]

(33) Clement Nwankwo, “Monitoring Nigeria’s Elections,” Journal of Democracy 10, no 4 (October 1999): 156-165

[Field reports in other issues of the Journal of Democracy]
 

May 2: Horizontal Accountability and the Rule of Law
 

Schedler, Diamond, and Plattner, The Self-Restraining State, chapters 1, 2, 3, 9-12, 20 (pp. 1-46, 145-214, 333-350)

 
Schedler, Diamond, and Plattner, The Self-Restraining State, chapters13-16 (pp. 217-282)

(34) Larry Diamond, “Political Corruption: Nigeria’s Perennial Struggle,” Journal of Democracy 2, no. 4 (Fall 1991): 73-85

(35) Robert Klitgaard, “Political Corruption: Strategies for Reform,” Journal of Democracy 2, no. 4 (Fall 1991): 86-100
 

May 9: Constitutional Design:  Majoritarian vs. Consensual

Arend Lijphart, Patterns of Democracy,  pp. 1-27, 31-41.

Lijphart, Patterns of Democracy, ch. 7, pp. 116-142.

(36) Matthew Shugart and John Carey, Presidents and Assemblies, pp. 1-15, 18-24.

Juan Linz, "The Perils of Presidentialism," The Global Resurgence , 124-142.

Donald Horowitz, Juan Linz, and S. M. Lipset, Debate, "Presidents vs. Parliaments," The Global Resurgence of Democracy, pp. 143-161.

(37) Shugart and Carey, Presidents and Assemblies, pp. 38-54, 281-287 [28-38 recommended].

[ Scott Mainwaring and Matthew Shugart, eds., Presidentialism and Democracy in Latin America (New York:: Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp. 12-54, 394-395, 434-437] [all of chapter 11, pp. 394-437]
 

 
(38) Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies, pp. 8-24, 78-92, 397-412, 460-461, [412-460].

Diamond, Developing Democracy, pp. 93-99

[Diamond, Linz, and Lipset, "What Makes for Democracy" PDC 33-42]

    Parties and Party Systems

Lijphart, Patterns of Democracy, ch. 5, pp. 62-89

(39) S. M. Lipset, The First New Nation, Ch. 9, "Party Systems and the Representation of Social Groups," pp. 293-302, 306-309, 311-314.  [The entire pp. 286-317 is included in the course reader and recommended.]

(4) S. M. Lipset, Political Man, pp. 80-82

(40) Scott Mainwaring, “Party Systems in the Third Wave,” Journal of Democracy 9, no. 3 (July 1998): 67-81

J. Linz, The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes, pp. 24-38.

[Chai-Anan Samudavanija, "Thailand:  A Stable Semi-Democracy," in PDC, pp. 343-348]

[Giovanni Sartori, Parties and Party Systems (Cambridge University Press, 1976), pp. 119-145, 185-201, 230-232, 273-392.]

[Scott Mainwaring and Timothy R. Scully, eds., Building Democratic Institutions: Party Systems in Latin America (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1995), pp. 1-34, 459-474, + endnotes.]

May 16: Party Systems and Electoral Systems
 

(41) Rein Taagepera and Matthew S. Shugart, Seats & Votes (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989), pp. 1-5, 61-66, 234-237.

Lijphart, Patterns of Democracy, ch. 8, pp. 143-170 [ch 16]

Arend Lijphart, "Constitutional Choices for New Democracies," The Global Resurgence of Democracy, pp. 162-174.

Guy Lardeyret, Quentin Quade, and Arend Lijphart, "Debate:  Proportional Representation," The Global Resurgence of Democracy, pp. 175-193.

Ken Gladdish, "Choosing an Electoral System:  The Primacy of the Particular,"  Global Resurgence, pp. 194-206.

Diamond, Developing Democracy, pp. 99-111

[Vernon Bogdanor, "Choosing an Electoral System:  Israel Debates Reform," Journal of Democracy 4 (1), Jan 1993, pp. 66-78.]

[Timothy Sisk, "Choosing an Electoral System:  South Africa Seeks New Ground Rules," Journal of Democracy 4 (1), Jan 93, pp. 79-91.]

May 18: Social Cleavage Structure
 

[S. M. Lipset, "Old and New Political Cleavages," in Introduction to Revolution and Counterrevolution (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, 1988), pp. xiv-xviii.]

 (5) S. M. Lipset, Political Man, pp. 70-82.

    Ethnicity and Ethnic Conflict

Robert Dahl, Polyarchy, pp. 105-123.

[John R. Bowen, “The Myth of Global Ethnic Conflict,” Journal of Democracy 7, no. 4 (October 1996), pp. 3-14]

(42) Donald Horowitz, "Democracy in Divided Societies," Journal of Democracy 4, no. 4 (October 1993): 18-38

May 23:  Managing Ethnic Conflict
 

(43) Donald Horowitz, Ethnic Groups in Conflict, 563-576, 597-652, 681-684.

(44) Arend Lijphart, “The Power-Sharing Approach,” in Joseph Montville, ed,  Conflict and Peacemaking in Multiethnic States (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1990), pp. 491-509.

Lijphart, Patterns of Democracy, pp. 270-274.

[ Vincent Maphai, “The New South Africa: A Season for Power-Sharing,” Journal of Democracy, 7, no. 1 (January 1996), pp. 67-82]

Diamond, Linz and Lipset, "What Makes for Democracy?” PDC, pp. 42-46.

(45) Andrew Reynolds, "Constitutional Engineering in Southern Africa," Journal of Democracy 6 (2), April 1995, pp. 86-100.

(46) Joel Barkan and Andrew Reynolds, Debate: PR and Southern Africa, Journal of Democracy 6 (4), October 1995, pp. 106-124.

(47) Timothy D. Sisk and Andrew Reynolds, eds., Elections and Conflict Management in Africa (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Institute of Peace, 1998), Reynolds and Sisk, ch. 1, pp. 11-18, 28-34, and Sisk, ch. 8, pp. 145-171.

[Jyotirindra Das Gupta, "India," in PDC, pp. 287-294]

[Arend Lijphart, Democracy in Plural Societies, (Yale University Press, 1977), pp. 1-65, 80-89.]

May 25: International Factors
 

Huntington, The Third Wave, pp. 85-108, 281-290.

Robert Dahl, Polyarchy, pp. 189-201, 210-215.

(48) Larry Diamond, Promoting Democracy in the 1990s, (New York: Carnegie Corporation, 1995), pp. 12-21, 31-38, 40-59.

Diamond, Linz and Lipset, "What Makes for Democracy?" PDC, pp. 48-52.

Schedler, Diamond, and Plattner, The Self-Restraining State, chs 8 & 19, pp. 123-142, 313-330

(49) Thomas Carothers, “The Rise of Election Monitoring: The Observers Observed,” Journal of Democracy 8, no. 3 (July 1997): 17-31

(50) “Debating Democratic Assistance”:
Marina Ottaway and Teresa Chung  “Toward a new Paradigm,” Elizabeth Spiro Clark, “A Tune-up, Not an Overhaul,” E. Gyimah-Boadi, “The Cost of Doing Nothing,” and Irena Lasota, “Sometimes Less is More,” Journal of Democracy 10, no. 4 (October 1999): 99-128

[ George P. Shultz, Turmoil and Triumph:  My Years as Secretary of State (1993), pp. 608-642, 969-982.]

[ Thomas Carothers, In the Name of Democracy:  U.S. Policy Toward Latin America in the Reagan Years (1991), pp. 149-163, 249-261.]

[Thomas Carothers, "The NED at 10," Foreign Policy 95, Summer 1994, pp 123-138.}

May 30: Breakdowns of Democracy
 

Juan Linz, The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes, pp. 3-16, 38-86,
[92-97].

(51) L. Diamond, "Introduction" to DDC:  Africa, pp. 3-5.

(52) L. Diamond, "Introduction" to DDC:  Asia, pp. 3-10.

Arturo Valenzuela, "Chile," in PDC, pp. 92-97, or in DDC: LA, 216-222

Ergun Ozbudun, "Turkey," in PDC, pp. 233-237.

L. Diamond, "Nigeria," in PDC, pp. 468-471.

[ John Higley and Michael G. Burton, "The Elite Variable in Democratic Transitions and Breakdowns," American Sociological Review Vol. 54, No. 1, Feb. 1989, pp. 17-32.]

June 1: Democratic Prospects
 

Diamond, Developing Democracy, ch 7, pp. 261-278

Philippe C. Schmitter, “More Liberal, Preliberal, or Postliberal?” in The Global Resurgence of Democracy, pp. 328-335

Note: A course syllabus for Political Science 227d, Seminar on Consolidating Democracy, is available for further reading on this theme.