Seminar

Comparative Political Regimes

(Transitions From Authoritarianism to Democracy)

INS 685 Wednesdays 3:00 – 5:30

Fall 2000

Felipe Agüero

faguero@sis.miami.edu

The seminar selectively reviews the vast literature concerned with the transition from authoritarianism to democracy in various parts of the world. This literature focuses specifically on what has become known as the "third wave" of democratization, started in Southern Europe in the mid 1970s, followed by Latin American countries in the 1980s and by the former Communist block in Eastern Europe and the USSR in the 1990s. Countries in other geographical areas (Asia, Africa), which joined this wave at different times, have also been the object of increasing attention. This literature poses anew old questions regarding regime change, the prerequisites of democracy, the role of values, institutions, actors, and leadership in political action and change, and many other questions and issues.

The seminar attempts an overview of the best and most salient pieces in this literature. The review is unavoidably selective, and should be taken as an opportunity to establish connections between specific issues of regime change brought about by the study of "third wave" cases, and more traditional literature threads in comparative politics. Mostly, however, this is an opportunity for students to alert themselves to new cases, problems and research questions.

The concepts of democracy and authoritarianism are thoroughly explored, followed with a comparative review of actual cases of democratic and authoritarian rule. The seminar studies the literature on the historical development of democracy and its “requisites,” and then it focuses on the “third wave” of democratization, with attention to cases in Southern Europe, South America, East and Central Europe, with secondary review of other cases in Asia or Africa. Finally, the seminar centers on the problems facing newly established democracies.

The seminar consists entirely of student animated discussion of assigned readings. Discussion should aim at ascertaining contrasting propositions and theoretical assumptions in the work of different authors and at assessing the utility of this work in explaining problems of regime change. In reading and discussing articles and books, students will focus on the logic of inquiry, the research methodology and the structure of the argument. Seminar discussion ought to assess these works in terms of their ability to provide sound, well grounded answers to the questions they raise. From readings and discussion, participants should expect to improve their knowledge of issues and problems of regime change, concrete cases of democratic transition and competing ways of approaching their study.

Seminar operation and evaluation

Students will be in charge of making the central presentations for each weekly session. These should be succinct but thorough in presenting the argument and in making a critical evaluation of it. An outline of these presentations should be made available to all seminar participants at least 24 hours in advance. All should be prepared to actively participate in each week's discussion. One third of the final grade will reflect presentations and overall seminar participation.

Students will also write three short papers during the semester, on any three topics of their choosing, based on the readings. These papers advance ideas on subjects covered in those readings, make critical examination of them, work on their applicability to various cases, or develop any idea worth of producing a good short paper. These three papers count for another third of the grade. The final third of the grade will come from a written final examination.

Students in the Ph.D. program will be asked to turn one of the short papers into a longer paper that examines a particular domain of democratization in connection with a particular country or set of countries. Alternatively, this paper may be turned into a well-developed research proposal. These options should be discussed with the instructor.

Readings

The following books are available for purchase at Book Horizons (1110 South Dixie Highway, right next to Starbucks; phone 305-665-6161) or the University’s bookstore:

Robert Dahl, On Democracy (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998).

Samuel P. Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century (Norman and London: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991).

Michael Bratton and Nicolas van de Walle, Democratic Experiments in Africa: Regime Transitions in Comparative Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997).

Juan Linz and Alfred Stepan Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America and Post-communist Europe (Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996).

Guillermo O'Donnell and Philippe C. Schmitter, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies (Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986).

Larry Diamond, Developing Democracy: Toward Consolidation (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999).

Ruth Berins Collier, Paths Toward Democracy: The Working Class and Elites in Western Europe and South America (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).

Thomas Carothers, Aiding Democracy Abroad: The Learning Curve (Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1999).

Valerie Bunce, Subversive Institutions: The Design and the Destruction of Socialism and the State (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).

Minxin Pei, From Reform to Revolution: The Demise of Communism in China and the Soviet Union (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1994).

M. Steven Fish, Democracy from Scratch: Opposition and Regime in the New Russian Revolution (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996).

Course Outline

August 23 Introduction

August 30 On Democracy

Robert Dahl, On Democracy (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998).
Joseph A. Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy (New York: Harper and Row, 1950 [3d edition]). (Chapters 21-23).
Philippe C. Schmitter and Terry Lynn Karl, "What Democracy is...And is Not," Journal of Democracy 2, 1991.
David Held, “Democracy: From City-States to a Cosmopolitan Order?” in David Held, ed. Prospects for Democracy (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1993).

David Held, Models of Democracy (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1987).
David Held, Democracy and the Global Order: From the Modern State to Cosmopolitan Governance (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1995).
Daniele Archibugi, David Held and Martin Köhler, eds. Re-imagining Political Community: Studies in Cosmopolitan Democracy (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998).
James N. Rosenau, Along the Domestic-Foreign Frontier: Exploring Governance in a Turbulent World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997).

September 6 Democracy and Preconditions: Social and Economic

Dietrich Rueschemeyer, Evelyn Huber Stephens and John D. Stephens, Capitalist Development and Democracy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992). (Chapters 1-3).
Barrington Moore, Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Land and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World (Harvard University Press, 1966). (Chapters 7-9).
Robert Dahl, Polyarchy (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1971). (Chapter 1).
Robert Dahl, Democracy and its Critics, (Yale, 1989). (Chapters 17-18).
Samuel P. Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century (Norman and London: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991). (Chapters 1-2).

Seymour Martin Lipset, "Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy", American Political Science Review, 53, 1959.
Larry Diamond, "Economic Development and Democracy Reconsidered," in Gary Marks and Larry Diamond, eds. Reexamining Democracy: Essays in Honor of Seymour Martin Lipset (Newbury Park, California: Sage Publications, 1992).

September 13 Democracy and Preconditions: Political, Institutional, Cultural

Brian Downing. The Military Revolution and Political Change: Origins of Democracy and Autocracy in Early Modern Europe. Princeton. Princeton University Press. 1992. (Chapters 1, 2, and 10).
Robert D. Putnam. Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton University Press. 1993. (Chapter 5).
Robert A. Dahl, “Development and Democratic Culture,” in Larry Diamond et al. eds. Consolidating the Third Wave Democracies: Themes and Perspectives (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997).
Larry Diamond, Developing Democracy: Toward Consolidation (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999). (Chapter 5).
Larry Diamond, Juan J. Linz and Seymour Martin Lipset, "Introduction: What Makes for a Democracy?", in Larry Diamond, Juan J. Linz and Seymour Martin Lipset, Politics in Developing Countries: Comparing Experiences with Democracy (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1995).
Adam Przeworski et al., “What Makes Democracies Endure?” in Larry Diamond et al. eds. Consolidating the Third Wave Democracies: Themes and Perspectives (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997).

Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New haven: Yale University Press, 1968).
Samuel P. Huntington, "The Change to Change: Modernization, Development and Politics", Comparative Politics, 3, 3, April 1971.
Politics and Society 24, 1, March 1996 (Special Section on Robert Putnam).

September 20 Approaches to the Study of Third Wave Transitions from Authoritarian Rule

Dankwart Rustow, "Transitions to Democracy," Comparative Politics, April 1970.
Guillermo O'Donnell and Philippe C. Schmitter, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies (Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986).
Scott Mainwaring, "Transitions to Democracy and Democratic Consolidation: Theoretical and Comparative Issues," in Scott Mainwaring, Guillermo O'Donnell and J. Samuel Valenzuela, eds. Issues in Democratic Consolidation (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1992).
Adam Przeworski, “The Games of Transition,” in Ibid.
Michael Bratton and Nicolas van de Walle, Democratic Experiments in Africa: Regime Transitions in Comparative Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997). Chapter 1).
Herbert Kitschelt, “Structure and Process-Driven Explanations of Political Regime Change,” (Review Essay), American Political Science Review 86, 4, December 1992.
James Mahoney and Richard Snyder, “Rethinking Agency and Structure in the Study of Regime Change,” Studies in Comparative International Development 34, 2, Summer 1999.

Recommended

Adam Przeworski, Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).
Josep M. Colomer, Game Theory and the Transition to Democracy: the Spanish Model (Aldershot, England: Edward Elgar Publishing, 1995).
Josep Colomer, "Transitions by Agreement: Modeling the Spanish Way," American Political Science Review 85, 4, December 1991.

September 27 Authoritarianism and Problems of Transition: an Overview

Juan Linz and Alfred Stepan Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America and Post-communist Europe (Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996).

Yossi Shain and Juan Linz, Between States: Interim Governments and Democratic Transitions (Cambridge University Press, 1995).
H. E. Chehabi and Juan J. Linz, Sultanistic Regimes (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998).
Terry Lynn Karl and Philippe C Schmitter, "Modes of Transition in Latin America, Southern and Eastern Europe, International Social Science Journal 128, 1991.
Terry Lynn Karl, "Dilemmas of Democratization in Latin America," Comparative Politics 23, 1990.

October 4 Democratization: The Third Wave and its Temporal and Substantive Limits

(and the Debate on Consolidation)

Samuel P. Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century (Norman and London: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991). (Chapters 3-6).
Larry Diamond, Developing Democracy: Toward Consolidation (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999). (Chapters 1-3).
Philippe C. Schmitter, "The Consolidation of Political Democracies," Paper for Stanford University, 1994.
Guillermo O'Donnell, "Illusions about Consolidation," Journal of Democracy, 7, 2, April 1996.
Felipe Agüero, “Conflicting Assessments of Democratization: Exploring the Fault Lines,” in Felipe Agüero and Jeffrey Stark, eds. Fault Lines of Democracy in Post-Transition Latin America (North-South Center Press, University of Miami, 1998).
Andreas Schedler, “What is Democratic Consolidation?” Journal of Democracy 9, 2, 1998.
Adam Przeworski et al., "What Makes Democracies Endure?," Journal of Democracy 7, 1, January 1996.

Renske Doorenspleet, “Reassessing the Three Waves of Democratization,” World Politics 52, 3, April 2000.
J. Samuel Valenzuela, "Democratic Consolidation in Post-Transitional Settings: Notions, Process and Facilitating Conditions," in Scott Mainwaring, Guillermo O'Donnell and J. Samuel Valenzuela, eds. Issues in Democratic Consolidation: The New South American Democracies in Comparative Perspective (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1992).
Richard Gunther, P. Nikiforos Diamandouros and Hans-Jürgen Puhle, eds. The Politics of Democratic Consolidation: Southern Europe in Comparative Perspective (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995).
Richard Gunther, P. Nikiforos Diamandouros and Hans-Jürgen Puhle, "O’Donnell’s Illusions: a Rejoinder," Journal of Democracy 7, 4, October 1996.
Guillermo O'Donnell, "Illusions and Conceptual Flaws," Journal of Democracy 7, 4, October 1996.

October 11 Democratization: Elites and Masses

· John Higley and Richard Gunther, eds. Elites and Democratic Consolidation in Latin America and Southern Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992). (Chapters 1 and 12).

· Ruth Berins Collier, Paths Toward Democracy: The Working Class and Elites in Western Europe and South America (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).

Recommended

Ruth Berins Collier and James Mahoney, "Adding Collective Actors to Collective Outcomes: Labor and Recent Democratization in South America and Southern Europe," Comparative Politics 23, Spring 1997.
Víctor Pérez Díaz, The Return of Civil Society: The Emergence of Democratic Spain (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993).
Frances Hagopian, "'Democracy by Undemocratic Means'? Elites, Political Pacts and Regime Transition in Brazil", Comparative Political Studies, 23, 2, July 1990.
Frances Hagopian, "The Compromised Consolidation: The Political Class in the Brazilian Transition", in Scott Mainwaring, Guillermo O'Donnell and J. Samuel Valenzuela, eds. Issues in Democratic Consolidation: The New South American Democracies in Comparative Perspective (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press).
Georgina Waylen, "Women and Democratization: Conceptualizing Gender Relations in Transition Politics," World Politics 46, 3, April 1994.
J. Samuel Valenzuela, "Labor Movements in Transitions to Democracy: A Framework for Analysis", Comparative Politics, Vol. 21, No. 4, July 1989.
Joan M. Nelson, "Labor and Business Roles in Dual Transitions: Building Blocks or Stumbling Blocks?," in Joan M. Nelson and contributors, Intricate Links: Democratization and Market Reforms in Latin America and Eastern Europe (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1994)
Philippe C. Schmitter, "Interest Systems and the Consolidation of Democracies," in Gary Marks and Larry Diamond, eds. Reexamining Democracy: Essays in Honor of Seymour Martin Lipset (Newbury Park, California: Sage Publications, 1992).
Margaret E. Keck, The Workers' Party and Democratization in Brazil (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992).
Leigh A. Payne, "Working Class Strategies in the Transition to Democracy in Brazil," Comparative Politics 23, 3, January 1991.
Glenn Adler and Eddie Webster, "Challenging Transition Theory: The Labor Movement, Radical Reform, and Transition to Democracy in South Africa," Politics and Society 23, 1, March 1995.
Gay W. Seidman, Manufacturing Militance: Workers' Movements in Brazil and South Africa, 1970-1985 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994).
Robert Fishman, Working Class Organization and the Return to Democracy in Spain (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1990).
Juan J. Linz, The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes: Crisis, Breakdown and Reequilibration (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978).
Philip Oxhorn, Organizing Civil Society: The Popular Sectors and the Struggle for Democracy in Chile (Penn State Press, 1994).
Ruth Correa Leite Cardoso, "Popular Movements in the Context of the Consolidation of Democracy in Brazil," The Making of Social Movements in Latin America: Identity, Strategy and Democracy, edited by Arturo Escobar and Sonia E. Alvarez (Boulder: Westview, 1992).

October 18 Democratization as Foreign Policy

Thomas Carothers, Aiding Democracy Abroad: The Learning Curve (Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1999).

Abraham Lowenthal, ed. Exporting Democracy: The United States and Latin America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991).
J.C. Sharman and Roger E. Kanet, “International Influences on Democratization in Postcommunist Europe,” in James F. Hollifield and Calvin Jillson, eds. Pathways to Democracy: The Political Economy of Democratic Transitions (New York: Routledge, 2000).
Ben Hunt, “Democratization, International relations and U.S. Foreign Policy,” in Ibid.
Arturo Valenzuela, “External Actors in the Transition to Democracy in Latin America,” in Ibid.

October 25 Southern Europe

José María Maravall and Julián Santamaría, “Political Change in Spain and the Prospects for Democracy,” in Guillermo O’Donnell, Philippe C. Schmitter and Laurence Whitehead, eds. Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Southern Europe (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986).
Richard Gunther, “Spain: the Very Model of the Modern Elite Settlement,” in John Higley and Richard Gunther, eds. Elites and Democratic Consolidation in Latin America and Southern Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
Richard Gunther, Giacomo Sani and Goldie Shabad, Spain After Franco: The Making of a Competitive Party System (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1988). (Chapters 1, 2, 3 –up to page 58).
Juan Linz and Alfred Stepan Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America and Post-communist Europe (Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996). (Part II: Chapters 6-9).
Víctor Pérez Díaz, The Return of Civil Society: The Emergence of Democratic Spain (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993). (Chapter 1).
Felipe Agüero, Soldiers, Civilians, and Democracy: post-Franco Spain in Comparative Perspective (Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995). (Chapters 1, 3, 9).

Richard Gunther, P. Nikiforos Diamandouros and Hans-Jürgen Puhle, eds. The Politics of Democratic Consolidation: Southern Europe in Comparative Perspective (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995). (Chapters 7, 9, 10, 11).
Geoffrey Pridham and Paul G. Lewis, Stabilising Fragile Democracies: Comparing New Party Systems in Southern and Eastern Europe (London: Routledge, 1996).
Arend Lijphart, "The Southern European Examples of Democratization: Six Lessons for Latin America," Government and Opposition 25, 1990.
José María Maravall, Regime, Politics and Markets: Democratization and Economic Change in Southern and Eastern Europe (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997).

November 1 Latin America

Glaucio Ary Dillon Soares, “Elections and the Redemocratization of Brazil,” in Paul W. Drake and Eduardo Silva, eds. Elections and Democratization in Latin America, 1980-1985 (Center for Iberian and Latin American Studies, University of California, San Diego, 1986).
Luciano Martins, “The ‘Liberalization’ of Authoritarian Rule in Brazil,” in Guillermo O’Donnell, Philippe C. Schmitter and Laurence Whitehead, eds. Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Latin America (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986).
Fernando H. Cardoso, “Entrepreneurs and the Transition Process: The Case of Brazil,” in Guillermo O’Donnell, Philippe C. Schmitter and Laurence Whitehead, eds. Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Comparative Perspectives (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986).
James W. McGuire, "Interim Government and Democratic Consolidation : Argentina in Comparative Perspective,” in Yossi Shain and Juan Linz, eds. Between States: Interim Governments and Democratic Transitions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
Felipe Agüero, “Legacies of Transitions: Institutionalism, the Military, and Democracy in South America,” Mershon International Studies Review 42, 2, November 1998.
Juan Linz and Alfred Stepan, Op. Cit. (Part III: Chapters 10-14).
Scott Mainwaring, “Democratic Survivability in Latin America,” in Howard Handelman and Mark Tessler, eds. Democracy and its Limits: Lessons from Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1999).

Kenneth M. Roberts, Deepening Democracy? The Modern Left and Social Movements in Chile and Peru (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998).
Kathryn Sikkink, “The Emergence, Evolution, and Effectiveness of the Latin American Human Rights Network,” in Elizabeth Jelin and Eric Hershberg, eds., Constructing Democracy: Human Rights, Citizenship, and Society in Latin America (Boulder: Westview Press, 1996).
Joan Nelson, "How Market Reforms and Democratic Consolidation Affect each Other," in Joan M. Nelson and contributors, Intricate Links: Democratization and Market Reforms in Latin America and Eastern Europe (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1994).
Arend Lijphart and Carlos H. Waisman, eds. Institutional Design in New Democracies: Eastern Europe and Latin America (Boulder: Westview Press, 1996).
Frances Hagopian, Traditional Politics and Regime Change in Brazil (Cambridge: Cambridge University Pres, 1996).
Jorge I. Domínguez and Abraham F. Lowenthal, eds., Constructing democratic governance: Latin America and the Caribbean in the 1990s (Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996).

November 8 Eastern Europe

Valerie Bunce, Subversive Institutions: The Design and the Destruction of Socialism and the State (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
Jon Elster, Claus Offe, and Ulrich K. Preuss, Institutional Design in Post-Communist Societies: Rebuilding the Ship at Sea (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998). (Chapters 1, 2, and 8).
Juan Linz and Alfred Stepan, Op. Cit. (Chapters 15-17).

Charles S. Maier, "Why did Communism Collapse in 1989?," Department of History and Minda de Ginzburg Center for European Studies, Harvard University, Program on Central and Eastern Europe Working paper Series No. 7, January 1991.
David Stark and Lászlo Bruszt, “Remaking the Political Field in Hungary,” in Ivo Banac, ed. Eastern Europe in Revolution (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1992).
Jan T. Gross, “Poland: From Civil Society to Political Nation,” in Ibid.
Tony R. Judt, “Metamorphosis: The Democratic Revolution in Czechoslovakia,” in Ibid.
Karen Dawisha and Bruce Parrott, eds. The Consolidation of Democracy in East Central Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997).
Zoltan Barany and Ivan Volgyes, Legacies of Communism in Eastern Europe (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995).
David Stark and Lászlo Bruszt, Postsocialist Pathways: Transforming Politics and Property in East Central Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).
Ellen Comisso, "Legacies of the Past or New Institutions? The struggle Over restitution in Hungary," Comparative Political Studies 28, 2, July 1995.
Gábor Tóka, "Parties and electoral choices in East-Central Europe," in Geoffrey Pridham and Paul G. Lewis, Stabilising Fragile Democracies: Comparing New Party Systems in Southern and Eastern Europe (London: Routledge, 1996).
Maurizio Cotta, "Structuring the new party systems after the dictatorship: coalitions, alliances, fusions and splits during the transition and post-transition stages," in Ibid.
Barbara Geddes, “Initiation of New Democratic Institutions in Eastern Europe and Latin America,” in Arendt Lijphart and Carlos H. Weisman, eds. Institutional Design in New Democracies: Eastern Europe and Latin America (Boulder: Westview Press, 1996).
Beverly Crawford and Arend Lijphart, "Explaining Political and Economic Change in Post-Communist Eastern Europe: Old Legacies, New Institutions, Hegemonic Norms, and International Pressures," Comparative Political Studies 28, 2, July 1995.
Herbert Kitschelt, “Formation of party cleavages in post-communist democracies,” Party Politics, 1, 4, 1995, 447-72.
Albert Hirschman, "Exit, Voice and the Fate of the German Democratic Republic: an Essay on Conceptual History," World Politics 41, January 1993.
Daniel V. Friedheim, “Accelerating Collapse: the East German Road from Liberalization to Power-sharing and its legacy,” in Yossi Shain and Juan Linz, eds. Between States (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
Goldie Shabad and Kazimierz M. Slomczynski, “Political Identities in the Initial Phase of Systemic Transformation in Poland: A Test of the tabula rasa Hypothesis,” Comparative Political Studies 32, 6, 1999, 690-723.

November 15 Africa (and/or Asia?)

Michael Bratton and Nicolas van de Walle, Democratic Experiments in Africa: Regime Transitions in Comparative Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997).

Richard Joseph, ed. State, Conflict, and Democracy in Africa (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1999).
Jeffrey Herbst, “Understanding Ambiguity during Democratization in Africa,” in James F. Hollifield and Calvin Jillson, eds. Op.Cit.
Thomas A. Koelble, The Global Economy and Democracy in South Africa (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1998).
Ian Shapiro, Democracy’s Place (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1996). (Chapter 7, “South Africa’s Negotiated Transition: Democracy, Opposition and the New Constitutional Order,” with Courtney Jung).
Ian Shapiro, "Democratic Innovation: South Africa in Comparative Context," World Politics, 46, 1, October 1993.
Donald L. Horowitz, A Democratic South Africa? Constitutional Engineering in a Divided Society (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991).

November 22 Russia and China

Minxin Pei, From Reform to Revolution: The Demise of Communism in China and the Soviet Union (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1994).
M. Steven Fish, Democracy from Scratch: Opposition and Regime in the New Russian Revolution (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996).

November 29 Issues and Institutions

Stephen Haggard and Robert Kaufman, The Political Economy of Democratic Transitions (Princeton University Press, 1995). (Selected Chapters).
Adam Przeworski, Susan C. Stokes, and Bernard Manin, Democracy, Accountability, and Representation, eds. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999). (Selected Chapters).
Andreas Schedler, Larry Diamond, and Marc F. Plattner, eds. The Self-Restraining State: Power and Accountability in New Democracies (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1999). (Selected Chapters).
A. James McAdams, ed. Transitional Justice and The Rule of Law in New Democracies (Notre Dame: Notre Dame University Press, 1997). (Selected Chapters).
Barbara Geddes, “What do we know about Democratization after twenty years?” Annual Review of Political Science, Volume 2, 1999.
John M. Carey, “Institutional Design and Party Systems,” in Larry Diamond et al. eds. Consolidating the Third Wave Democracies: Themes and Perspectives (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997).
Scott Mainwaring, "Presidentialism, Multipartism and Democracy: The Difficult Combination," Comparative Political Studies 26, 2, July 1993.
Arend Lijphart, "Democracies: Forms, performance, and constitutional engineering," European Journal of Political Research, 25:1-17, 1994.
Barry Ames, “Institutions and Democracy in Brazil,” in Howard Handelman and Mark Tessler, eds. Democracy and its Limits: Lessons from Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1999).

Additional Reading

"Economic Liberalization and Democratization: Exploration of the Linkages," World Development, 21, 8, 1993 (Special issue, several authors).
Public Support for Market Reforms in Emerging Democracies, A Special Issue of Comparative Political Studies, Issue Editor: Susan Stokes, Vol. 29, 5, October 1996.
Juan J. Linz and Arturo Valenzuela, eds. The Failure of Presidential Democracy (Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994).
Alfred Stepan and Cindy Skach, "Constitutional Frameworks and Democratic Consolidation: Parliamentarism versus Presidentialism," World Politics 46, 1, October 1993.
Matthew Soberg Shugart and John M. Carey, Presidents and Assemblies: Constitutional Design and Electoral Dynamics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
Giovanni Sartori, Comparative Constitutional Engineering: an Inquiry into Structures, Incentives and Outcomes (London: Macmillan, 1994).